Under the influence of the accumulated experience, civilization becomes more perfect. Humanity is introducing progressive, innovative technologies. Unique ideas bordering on fantasy come to the minds of brilliant scientists, designers, programmers. People have conquered the airspace, the depths of the ocean, and now they are intensively mastering the virtual space. And this area is truly fantastic in its possibilities and limitlessness.
One of the latest human inventions in the financial sector is electronic money. For their application, virtual payment systems have been created. It seemed that something new could be invented, implemented in ordinary monetary settlements? It wasnt like that. The inquisitive thinkers of our time have adapted the achievements of information and computing technologies to the current standards of financial mutual settlements and have developed payment systems that operate online.
They allow you to carry out transactions around the clock, without unnecessary time frames, territorial and other types of restrictions, the number of users of which has grown to hundreds of millions and continues to grow steadily. This is such a convenient, simple and affordable system that anyone with minimal technical training can use it. Even a first-grader or a person of advanced age can master a computer at a basic level. And to become a user of electronic money, you dont need professional training either.
The first electronic payment services presented fairly democratic requirements, and a person did not have to provide detailed personal data. But lately, many are asking the question, why is a passport required in electronic payment systems?
For example, you can take the most popular Webmoney system. If you consider in more detail its features, you can find comprehensive answers to the question asked. At the time of registration, the client must provide his data, including his passport. Many people ask why to attach a passport, because this is not a state or commercial bank? In fact, the completeness of the requested information depends on the level of the certificate that each participant in the system must have.
By the way, at the initial stage of its creation, the user could get by with a pseudonym certificate, and he did not have to identify himself. But if a service takes responsibility for the safety of funds in an electronic wallet, it must "know by sight" its client. After all, any banking institution will not serve a client incognito, but will require identification documents.
When the scale of WebMoneys activities reached the level of a large bank, and huge amounts appeared on users wallets, the question of their security arose. To guarantee their safety, you need appropriate tools, but the software is designed in such a way that without personal data about the client, protection simply will not work. So the idea arose to strengthen the defense system.
For this, passport data began to be required in the electronic payment system. Customer certification has been complicated, 12 types of certificates have been developed, the user has the right to choose any of them. The higher the level of the certificate, the stronger the security system and the wider the users capabilities.
Now, after a pseudonym passport, which is issued automatically without personal data, there is a formal one with passport data. Further - an initial passport with subsequent verification of personal information (scanned color copies of the passport and identification code). And the highest certificate is personal. It is received by the user who provided passport data, which are subject to more thorough verification by the Registrar.
Why attach a passport, most likely, not only in order to know the names of all their users. The developers argue that this approach is needed for more reliable protection of electronic money. But on the other hand, the service, thus, will not allow dubious customers into the system, which will have a favorable effect on the safety of honest people.
The same happens on the Yandex.Money service. At first, ordinary people became users, from whom only some personal data were required without documentary identification. But over time, when the functions of the service expanded, an identification system was introduced for those who claim a higher status. For this, the electronic payment system Yandex.Money began to require a passport.
In addition to all the above reasons, due to which the introduction of passport data by the client has become a mandatory standard, there is one more, perhaps the most compelling need. On September 1, 2015, a new law "On the retention of personal data in the Russian Federation" was introduced in the Russian Federation, requiring that Russian services own a bank of personal data about their users, otherwise, their activities will be threatened.
Why is it necessary to attach a passport to an electronic wallet, there are many answers, and they are all well-reasoned. The user of many well-known payment systems is forced to comply with such requirements. If he does not agree, he will have to look for another service. As is known from practice, if the client identifies himself, he will not suffer from this. And the level of security of these services really justify the new requirements.
The purpose of any online electronic payment system is the uninterrupted and fast implementation of money transfers 24/7/365 via the Internet. The absence of time frames and territorial restrictions, the need to stand in line, convenience, ease of handling, maximum security of transactions - these are the advantages that differ from typical financial institutions.
The choice of such resources should be considered carefully. It is possible that from time to time errors may occur in the process of operation of payment systems. When making a payment through certain services, funds may be lost or not reached the addressee, and an illegal debiting of money from the users account may occur. Today there are many such resources, so choosing the most acceptable and reliable site for yourself will not be difficult.
Disruptions most often occur during major civil and religious holidays. This rarely happens, maybe even once during the existence of the system. Well, when failures of payment systems occur frequently, the only correct conclusion, according to experts, will be to refuse to use such a service.
The speed of money transfers is one of the important indicators of the reliability and respectability of such systems. Usually, transactions on resources are completed within a few minutes. A good payment system is one with the help of which funds are credited to an account within a short period of time, even in cases where many people use the resource at the same time. In any case, there should be no problems when making a payment.
But it happens that there are failures in the smooth operation of the payment system. What to do in this case? Could individual relapses be a sign of the unreliability of a particular resource? To avoid such problems, you should use the services of several payment systems. Despite the improvement in technology, no one is immune from mistakes. You never know in advance what might happen, and therefore you always need to have a fallback. Therefore, you should explore all such resources. However, a temporary breakdown should not be considered a sign of bad business reputation.
An increase in the frequency and an increase in the intensity of the occurrence of failures should already be considered an alarming symptom. Precautions must be taken when such precedents arise.
First, you need to find out if the error was in fact. To do this, you need to check your laptop or personal computer, the stability of the Internet connection, since this may be the case. In the event that a failure has occurred, then action must be taken.
Initially, you need to send a message to the support service.
After receiving an answer, it is already possible to decide whether to use such a resource further or not.
It should also be remembered that all services from time to time may carry out technical work, as a result of which errors occur in payment systems when transferring funds. This situation should be treated with understanding.
Every day, people transfer funds using the Internet: pay bills, accept money or withdraw money. Few people think about the fact that fraudsters may be interested in such users, and not only failures in payment systems. To avoid becoming a victim of unscrupulous users, you need to be extremely careful when conducting transactions. If you follow certain rules for using the network, then everyone will be able to secure both themselves and their funds.
The first is a careful selection of a reliable resource that has proven itself from the best side during its existence. An excellent indicator is positive user reviews, which can be seen on monitoring resources. For viewing, you should choose review services with an unblemished reputation, since it is highly likely that the words of praise published on the web may be falsified.
Before carrying out any transaction, you should make sure that the connection to the site is established correctly. To do this, you need to check the address bar, whether the resource address is displayed correctly there. If something goes wrong, then you should avoid entering data at the entrance. This situation may be an indication that fraudsters are already beginning to take some measures against the user. If such a situation occurs, then you need to contact the support service. But the most effective weapon against cybercriminals is the users vigilance on the network, which makes it possible to promptly identify errors in payment systems and find out the reason for their occurrence.
What to do in cases when the resource was closed, even though nothing previously portended trouble. It is possible that an inexperienced and absent-minded user simply did not notice these moments, or there was a failure in the payment systems. In this case, the users rights are violated, and therefore one must be ready to defend them. To do this, you should clarify whether there were actually any violations in the operation of the resource from the site administration by contacting the support service.
It is recommended to preliminarily study all the documents with which the user must be familiar with the registration. It is possible that the person himself is to blame for choosing an unreliable resource. Sadly, it is a fact that many of people willingly entrust their savings to online resources without bothering to study in detail the offer (public agreement), which regulates the rules for providing services to users by specific payment systems. If the rights were nevertheless violated, then you should go to court to protect your interests.
You should also be aware that the predecessor of troubles is a change in tariff policy (an unrealistic decrease in service interest rates). For example, an instant reduction in commission or some promotions that cannot be beneficial for the resource. Are there mechanisms to help recover lost funds if such circumstances arise? In some cases, this possibility exists. But it will be difficult to withdraw or transfer funds to the account of another service at a rate convenient for a particular user. In any case, the client will lose some of his money. Most often it happens that the money cannot be returned. Therefore, it is recommended to choose a reliable provider in advance and conduct periodic monitoring of its business reputation.
Today, there are practically no people who do not have a bank card, the use of which can pay for goods or services not only in the virtual world, but also in ordinary retail outlets using special terminals. Sometimes it happens that during a transaction, the system may crash. Main reasons:
The most common one is the lack of sufficient funds on the card to complete the transaction.
The error may occur due to the payment system.
Card blocking.
Regardless of the reasons, payment cannot be made, and therefore it is recommended to adhere to some rules:
1. Get a special card for online payments.
2. You should not keep a lot of funds on such a card.
3. Make purchases only in reputable stores.
If you follow these simple rules, then troubles can be avoided, even if a failure occurs in the payment systems. It is much easier to be careful when choosing a resource, to follow the safety rules and instructions for conducting a transaction, than to wage a often useless struggle for the return of lost money.
Most of the Internet users are constantly making payments through special systems. With their help, you can easily and quickly pay utility bills, replenish your mobile phone or buy a product you like in an online store, transfer money to other users at any time of the day and anywhere in the world in a comfortable home environment, without leaving the monitor.
But sometimes extra electronic money comes to the users account, that is, funds from an unknown source. And the system participant does not know who exactly sent them and in connection with what the transfer was made. What is the right thing to do in such a situation? Unambiguously return the funds received, because, most likely, they were transferred by mistake. Indeed, in addition to adhering to generally accepted moral standards, a person who has acted dishonestly risks ruining his reputation and he may have problems with the law.
If extra money has come to the users account, he needs to contact the technical support service of the corresponding payment system. The easiest way is to send an e-mail to their address detailing the situation. Be sure to specify the details of the erroneous payment - your wallet number, the amount received and the date when the funds were transferred to the account. You can also explain the situation to a support person over the phone.
It can take days or even weeks to clear up the issue. But in the end, the administration of the payment system will find the sender who made the payment in error, and the funds will be returned. As a result, the user will receive back the money he has already said goodbye to forever, and the conscientious participant will receive gratitude from the payment system employees.
Some users, whose account has been replenished with extra electronic money, decide to keep it with them. This behavior is fundamentally flawed. First of all, you need to put yourself in the place of the sender, who, due to his carelessness, transferred money to the wrong address. But this can happen to anyone. No one is immune to error. When specifying the details of the wallet, it is enough to indicate one number incorrectly and the money will be transferred in an unknown direction.
Of course, the moral aspect is very important, but there are other, more objective reasons why you should not keep money of unknown origin. Indeed, in the payment system there are many financial organizations that provide lending services to its participants. Sometimes, by mistake, borrowed funds may be transferred to the wrong user. Or the company, by advertising its services, will open access to the credit limit. The latter option must be previously agreed with the user. But sometimes there are overlaps in the work of organizations. In addition, a letter with a loan proposal can easily get lost.
In any case, the money will have to be returned as it falls under the legal definition of unfounded profit. This refers to the situation when the user receives extra money, but he is not able to explain why the transfer was received. After all, receiving income involves the sale of a certain product or the provision of a service. Nobody gives money just like that. It is possible that the wallet was used by another member of the system for criminal purposes, to launder illegally obtained funds. In any case, you should not take other peoples money, because spending them can turn into major troubles.
It should be noted that at the legislative level responsibility for the illegal use of other peoples funds is fixed. Extra electronic money also falls under the jurisdiction of the civil code. If a system participant appropriates them for himself, then in the future he will have to pay interest for the entire period during which he owned other peoples money.
In this case, interest is a kind of penalty. It is designed to compensate for the losses of the injured party and to punish the unscrupulous participant in the system. Moreover, the collection of interest occurs in any case, regardless of the receipt of profit by the violator. Thus, even if the user spends the funds received by mistake on his personal needs, he will have to pay interest.
It should be noted that, in theory, for the application of sanctions, two legally significant facts are required: the unlawful seizure of other peoples money and their use. But the judicial practice goes in a slightly different way, and the interest is calculated after the acquisition of other peoples assets.This formulation covers a variety of life situations. This refers to the untimely transfer of money, refusal to recognize debt, etc. Among the legal grounds for the application of this rule is also the seizure of funds transferred by mistake. The only way to avoid responsibility is to immediately notify the administration of the system that extra money came from an unknown source.
The situation is complicated by the fact that the sender himself does not know exactly to whom he sent the payment and therefore is not able to contact the buyer. But if the amount is significant for him, then he will immediately report his mistake to the administration of the system. And its employees will have no difficulty in calculating the data of the recipient, who unreasonably enriched himself at the expense of another participant.
As a result, you will have to return not only the funds received, but also the interest. You should not wait for such a scenario, but it is better to notify the technical service about what happened on your own. In this situation, the user will not only avoid penalties. He will also prove himself as a conscientious participant in the system and avoid any accusations of dishonesty.
Today, almost every Internet user is familiar with various payment systems. They help you conveniently and, most importantly, quickly make the desired payment. And the size of the commission does not exceed the amount that the payer must pay for service to the bank branch and often, even much less. As for entrepreneurs working in the field of the Internet, knowledge of payment systems is considered mandatory for them. Otherwise, their business is guaranteed to suffer and it will be difficult to make money transfers quickly to any part of the planet, without any restrictions on the time of implementation and the volume of transactions.
In any case, sooner or later, each user is faced with the question of choosing a suitable service. Experienced users are advised to start cooperation with proven payment systems, since they have a number of advantages. You can be convinced of the veracity of the above, both from personal experience and by reading numerous reviews of satisfied customers with the quality of service on special monitoring and evaluation resources.
The payment system, which has been on the market for a long time, has undeniable advantages over beginners. First of all, it is a competent support service. Its employees promptly provide assistance, and skillfully solve even non-standard issues. Other advantages of proven services are as follows:
Simple and intuitive interface with unobtrusive design.
The presence of many additional options that simplify the work with the resource.
High level of availability of the system itself. Each user who wants to become a member can easily go through the registration procedure and open an account.
The user, regardless of the place of residence, always has access to his accounts.
The system is easy to use even for beginners.
Transferring funds takes a matter of seconds. Moreover, the distance between the sender of verified electronic money and its recipient does not matter.
Even a novice entrepreneur can easily set up an online payment system on his resource.
Verified payment systems have been operating on the market for years. They do not cheat their clients and do not tolerate bankruptcy in times of crisis. But even a user who cooperates with solid resources should not forget about basic security measures. First of all, it is not recommended to store username and password on a personal computer. It is best to use an external storage device for this purpose. After all, there are cases when a malicious program found these files and spread them throughout the network. And modern viruses, having obtained confidential information, "learned" to transfer it directly to developers who are hunting for other peoples finances.
A reputable service almost never has problems with work. They are very reliable and care about their own business reputation and the safety of clients assets and money transfers. The most up-to-date technologies are used to protect clients virtual wallets. And illegal penetration is possible only if the user himself showed carelessness - he lost his password or neglected to install a good anti-virus program on his computer. Proven systems always offer their customers the most complete range of all kinds of services.
Today, you can find a large number of different payment services on the Internet. There are so many of them that an inexperienced user may even get confused. But from this mass he will have to choose a resource with which he will cooperate on an ongoing basis. Below is a list of payment systems from which it is very easy and convenient to withdraw verified electronic money. In addition, with their help, you can quickly pay for any purchase and exchange currency.
The payment resource Perfect Money has been operating on the market since 2007. During this time, it has established itself as a reliable service with which you can almost instantly carry out any financial transactions. Moreover, for making payments, the system charges a relatively small commission of 0.5 percent. Each user who has money left on his account receives 7% per annum. The procedure for registering and making payments is very simple and intuitive even for a beginner. Technical support works promptly and contacts the user no later than 24 hours after sending the request. A separate advantage is the opportunity to get advice in Russian. The user has the right to choose the required level of security at his own discretion. Deposit and withdrawal of money is carried out through a banking institution. Users have access to credit funds through a specially created exchange. The WebMoney resource can be rightly ranked among the most trusted payment systems. It is considered one of the oldest services on the market, which began its work back in 1998. Today it is the most popular payment system on the Russian-speaking Internet. You can replenish your account and withdraw money not only through a banking institution, but also through a special terminal. This service has traditionally taken care of the safety of its customers. Several different settings are used to identify an account. In the field of payments, it opens up the widest opportunities for users. With its help, you can pay fines, pay off utility bills, buy tickets to a theater or cinema.
PayPal is another global leader in online payments. It was also founded in 1998 and currently has over one hundred million users around the world. The enormous popularity of this system is due to the fact that exclusively all transactions performed through it automatically fall under the program for protecting the rights of buyers. Even massive financial transactions are carried out almost instantly. A very convenient option for viewing the payment history has been developed. The transaction percentage is considered one of the lowest on the market.
The Payoneer payment system is relatively new to the market. It gained popularity among users thanks to a clever marketing ploy. The holder of a special card can withdraw verified electronic money from his account at any ATM. Today the system operates in over 200 countries around the world. Technical support provides advice to clients in thirty-five languages, including Russian. In addition, all members of the system have access to a bank account, which can accept commercial payments.
The listed payment systems enjoy a well-deserved business reputation earned over the years of work in the money transfer market, but the user himself must make the choice in favor of a particular resource. For convenience, you can work with several systems in parallel, having studied in advance the subtleties of each resource.
The virtual currency Bitcoin ushered in a new era of digital money generation, which appeared as a result of brilliant discoveries in the field of cryptography and encryption. So the Bitcoin cryptocurrency became the first, but by no means the last; it prompted cryptographers to create analogs, which today number in the hundreds.
Only time can show how the future fate of the Bitcoin currency will unfold. But so far it ranks first not only in terms of time of creation, but also in other main indicators. In particular, the course and the level of popularity are also at the forefront. And this gap is so great that no digital currency has yet caught up with it.
Many people know the basic facts of the emergence of Bitcoin, which are already becoming history, and are so shrouded in mystery that it is sometimes difficult to figure out where reality differs from fiction. By the way, this can be called one of the notable features of Bitcoin. After all, they dont talk so much about any other digital currency, they dont argue or fantasize.
For what purpose, it is not known, but the creator of Bitcoin decided to keep his true name a secret and introduced himself as a Japanese programmer Satoshi Nakamoto. He preferred to watch the victorious procession of his own brainchild from afar, abandoning the public honors and laurels of the winner. People speculate, but whether it was one person or a group, no one still knows. By the way, in recent days, information has appeared that is also hard to believe.
One Australian entrepreneur, Craig Wright, wants to prove that he is Satoshi Nakamoto. But there are also many blank spots in his evidence. It can be assumed that all these intrigues were invented in advance in order to raise the popularity of Bitcoin. Although, it should be noted that such advertising hype is not very necessary for the popular cryptocurrency, recognition and price are steadily growing. It quietly but systematically acquires the status of a global currency.
However, while people are arguing about something, this topic has long been the subject of discussion, debate, all sorts of versions are invented. And the author of each of them tries to defend it. It is not possible to achieve the formation of a single standard, given the heterogeneity of the public speaking about cryptocurrency. However, the main factor ensuring the attractiveness of the alternative currency is a high quotation, which is growing steadily. And yet, what is remarkable about Bitcoin is that it always remains in the field of vision and focus of not only the Bitcoin community, but even goes beyond it.
This is how new supporters of this currency appear. Perhaps this is one of the PR moves that can play an important role in its popularization. All people are greedy for sensations, secrets and intrigues, so why not stir up their interest in the new currency in this way. Although, this is just another assumption.
Theoretically, staying on the crest of popularity is one thing, but being in demand for specific qualities is quite another. So, the new cryptocurrency has enough such qualities. First: the lack of central management, which means its complete democracy and equality between all participants in the Bitcoin system. The system based on blockchain technology turns into a peer-to-peer network. Each user has access to the full version of all transactions.
This feature, of course, is quite attractive, but it also has another side. If, for example, an unpleasant incident occurs, and coins are stolen from the account or the user makes a mistake when sending money, they will be lost forever. Indeed, in the absence of a control center, all responsibility for the safety of funds falls entirely on the account holder.
Another characteristic feature of Bitcoin is the emission limit. It is planned to generate a limited number of crypto coins - 21 million. In order not to create an opinion among people that this is a negligible amount on a global scale, one must remember that each Bitcoin is divided into 100 million Satoshi. So, given the limited emission, this currency will never undergo inflation, because it is impossible to “print” crypto coins. Scenarios are quite likely that the value of one coin will rise sharply, and it will become the main financial instrument on a global scale, replacing traditional fiduciary notes.
While the process of their "extraction" is underway, which is carried out using mining. Anyone who wants to, if he has the technical capabilities in the form of powerful computing equipment, can issue Bitcoin.
If the system is decentralized, not controlled by anyone, no one can block, return or restrict transactions. A Bitcoin account is analogous to a personal bank and is only managed by the user. But in order to maintain the confidentiality of information about the state of the personal account, the username is encrypted, in other words, completely private.Technical capabilities The Bitcoin system is designed in such a way that all information about its contents is stored in Bitcoin wallets. In addition, the user knows the entire history of the passage of transactions of all participants in the system, stored in blocks (blockchains) that make up a continuous chain. What is especially remarkable about the Bitcoin system is that, despite the open access to the network, during the entire period of its existence there was not a single attempt at hacker attacks.
Symbolic commission
All monetary relations between the participants in the system occur without outside intermediaries, that is, a third party does not interfere in these relations. Based on this, the cost of services for making money transfers is minimal, much lower than in other payment systems, and sometimes it is completely absent.
The ability to make money transfers for any purpose, including illegal ones, is also a distinctive feature of Bitcoin. But to say that this is a drawback of this currency or to make claims to it that it is an irreplaceable aid for illegal immigrants, swindlers, or, worse, terrorists, would not be fair. Open access and great opportunities of this cryptocurrency were developed for the benefit of man.
After all, being a user of such a unique system, you can save time and money. And if someone uses the system for unseemly purposes, it will not be on Bitcoins conscience. Unfortunately, our society has not reached the level of morality and development when such phenomena as fraud, theft, drug trafficking and terrorism will go down in history. But this does not mean that what has been created by the ingenious developers of innovative technologies can be crossed out, questioned, criticized, and even more so banned.
We can continue to talk about what is remarkable about Bitcoin, but the main thing is that it is the currency of the future, and all its main characteristics speak about this. It is safe to say that cryptocurrencies are the future of financial relations. They will displace traditional fiat currencies from the financial Olympus.
Most users have a basic level of knowledge of information and computing technologies and perceive the Internet as a means for simple business correspondence, entertainment, and simply kill their free time for communication on social networks. Meanwhile, the number of people who have made the web a means of basic earnings or part-time jobs is growing.
The network makes it possible to combine business with pleasure and replenish your savings. The size and consistency of earnings depends on the entrepreneurial spirit and skill of the individual. The most common and perhaps the most profitable type of online commerce is creating your own resource (website or blog).
Many entrepreneurs, especially beginners, are faced with the problem of organizing a payment system on their website. It is necessary to master not only the methods of monetizing your own resource, but also to solve the question of how to accept payments on the site so that it is legal? In total, today there are two ways to organize payment acceptance:
Create your own e-wallet and carry out transactions using an acquiring bank.
Work through an intermediary.
But what is the most profitable way to accept payments through the website? This will be discussed below.
First of all, it all depends on the turnover of the resource. For those companies that have a large one, it is beneficial to use the first option. In this case, the cost of creating a wallet pays off rather quickly. For a small online store or private site, the second option is recommended. In this case, you can accept payments on the site to an individual. The aggregator makes it possible to connect several types of payment. This can be a way to attract new potential buyers. Also, the commission will be cheaper.
How to accept payments on a website without an individual entrepreneur? In order to be able to accept payment for services or goods using plastic cards, initially it is necessary to choose the right bank with which the businessman will continue to cooperate. This is not as easy a task as it might initially seem. When choosing, you should pay attention to the following points:
Connection fee. Many banking institutions do not charge such fees.
Commission payments. Banks set the size of the service fee. This is a percentage of the amount received by the owner from the clients of his own resource. Therefore, it is recommended to clarify such points in advance with the bank and choose a financial institution that offers the most favorable conditions for cooperation. Whatever the volume of movement of financial flows, reasonable economy is always a justified measure. The optimal commission is considered to be up to 3%.
The presence of a processing center in the bank is another important point that cannot be neglected. If it is, then the cost of services for using the bank will be less.
What plastic cards are accepted for payments? The bigger, the better.
Security in the form of a deposit. If this is not possible, then the user always needs to have a certain amount of money in his account.
Technical support. It is desirable that she work around the clock and, of course, be at the bank. Of course, this is the usual standard, but the problem lies in the speed and usefulness of advice received when needed from operators. In this way, you can always protect yourself from unpleasant situations.
When choosing a bank, you must:
Soberly assess the capabilities of a financial institution.
Assess all the parameters and conditions of the relationship.
Stop choosing the most convenient and optimal option for yourself.
After that, an application for connection and the necessary documents are submitted to the banking institution, the list of which can be found in the bank itself. Often, the list of required documentation may vary. Also, the employees of the credit institution can check the clients site to see if it meets all the requirements that apply to it.
If everything goes well, then you can start to create a system of cooperation. Before the user can accept payments on the site, they will go to the personal account of the resource owner. This procedure is transparent to the tax authorities, and therefore should be remembered. You should also choose only large banks with an extensive network of branches in settlements of different sizes. However, large financial conglomerates have their drawbacks. In particular, the fact that they usually have long queues at the cash desks. Therefore, the simplest operation can take a lot of time.
Therefore, a significant part of online entrepreneurs prefer to use Internet banking, which can be accessed using the web at any time of the day. The opportunity to get a free online consultation on any issue, an important and very convenient bonus of this popular service Reputable banks, as a rule, offer clients favorable conditions for obtaining a loan, which may be required for business development, or a good interest on a deposit. An extensive network of terminals and ATMs will facilitate payments and will significantly increase the number of potential buyers of goods and services, as well as the target audience.
It should be remembered that any bank tries by all means to hide its shortcomings. Therefore, it is not recommended to attach much importance to advertising. The best choice is the recommendations of acquaintances or friends and positive feedback from the clients of the credit institution. You can independently search for information on the Internet, on review sites and online monitoring resources. Only official banking structures with a solid image and an unblemished business reputation should be considered as financial partners.
It is necessary to take into account some important nuances in order to receive payments through the site without interruptions, with minimal costs. Such relations are regulated by a separate law, according to which, if a user wants to accept payments on the site as an individual to carry out business activities, then he should create a corporate wallet. To do this, you need to indicate all the details of the company, then link it to your personal account. Only in this way can you withdraw funds from the wallet or replenish it if necessary.
Before accepting payments to a site without an individual entrepreneur, you need to sign a certain agreement with the payment system. The public agreement must comply with the requirements that apply to such organizations. It should be noted that a system such as Webmoney does not meet the requirements for similar systems. They can only offer an agency scheme. The nuance lies in the fact that you do not need to register with the service, therefore, violations of the law by a businessman will not be recorded.
It should also be remembered that the selected system can also check the online store. In this case, the main requirements are:
The presence of a domain of the first and second levels.
Site location on a paid server.
The authenticity of the contacts that are indicated on the site.
It is possible to obtain permission and conclude an agreement with the payment system, subject to the thorough observance of the above standards.
There are some restrictions that govern the acceptance of payments electronically. Typically, such transactions can only be made by individuals. Individual entrepreneurs cannot make electronic payments, as they are prohibited by law. The limit on a corporate wallet can be set within 6,000 rubles. Funds exceeding the permissible limit are automatically transferred to the users personal account. It turns out that it is prohibited to use an electronic wallet to conduct business. Moreover, such an action amounts to breaking the law. But even here there is a way out: a small turnover of funds (up to 30,000) can go unnoticed, but a large company cannot use this method of calculation.
The use of a payment aggregator allows an individual to use different options for accepting payments on the site. At the same time, it is not required to conclude a separate agreement with each payment system. After concluding an appropriate agreement with the client, the aggregator, in an offline mode, sets up convenient options for receiving funds and begins to act as an intermediary. Therefore, before accepting a payment on the site, you do not need to develop your personal page on the resource. This option will help to implement and configure the payment system much faster. The client does not need to keep track of his different wallets, since before payments are accepted on the site without an individual entrepreneur, all the money will be credited to the aggregators account, and only then transferred to the clients account. For such a service, the intermediary takes a certain amount of commission.
There are many types of aggregators. They will help organize the acceptance of payments through the site. The choice is difficult to make. However, the selection of an aggregator follows the same scheme as a bank. You should pay attention to the amount of the commission and choose the most optimal intermediary for yourself.
Such resources have become widespread on the Internet. Some systems can be used confidentially. Therefore, the circulation of funds through such resources gives certain advantages to the user. Registration in them is free, and a certain commission is charged for use. Using an electronic wallet, you can pay for services and goods on the network.
Beginners are advised to carefully read the user agreement before registering, their data must also be entered correctly, all information must be stored on a reliable source, for example, on an additional memory card (flash drive).
Novice individual entrepreneurs pay tax according to the simplified tax system. The law regulates that tax must be paid from the amount that is credited to the account from the buyer, and not the amount that is credited to the account after the commission is paid. Income is recognized in tax on the date on which the payment is made. The commission can be credited to expenses, and the date of receipt of funds to the account will be a document confirming this. Information about the movement of finances can be obtained from the wallet statement or in another way offered by the aggregator.
The number of online payment systems is growing every year. The growth of their popularity has quite understandable reasons, of which the maximum comfort and security of transactions, the absence of any restrictions, should be highlighted. Which of them (domestic or foreign) should be preferred? - this is a question that is becoming increasingly problematic among residents of Russia and the CIS countries.
If earlier a particular user stopped choosing a foreign payment system, then he faced the need to know the language of the country of origin of the seller of financial services. At the very least, it was necessary to understand English in order to solve the problem of navigation on the site. Today there are a huge number of such systems and the problem of language settings has been solved. They usually support most of the worlds languages.
Foreign resources are especially popular among freelancers and webmasters, for whom the Internet has become the main employer. However, they periodically face the problem that foreign partners, as a rule, use systems of foreign origin, which are not so widespread and well-known in Russia and post-Soviet countries. For example, PayPal, which is so popular in the West, has only recently become recognizable in the territory of the former USSR.
Novice businessmen who conduct business in the vastness of the virtual world, and not only them, should think about the choice of which payment system to make for the site. This will allow attracting potential customers and target audience from abroad, and not just post-Soviet countries.
The main task of the above system is to receive and send payments from the user for the purchased product or service using the web. In order to make transactions using this system, you need to have your own account where the money will be received. The importance of choosing a payment system lies in the fact that those who are in our country can withdraw funds from it. It should be noted that in the Russian Federation (and the former countries of the once friendly USSR), funds cannot be withdrawn from this payment system. With the help of it, you can only replenish your wallet through an attached bank card, as well as make payments on the Internet.
There is no end to the ingenuity of programmers. Some masters have found a loophole and learned to overcome unwanted barriers. For example, there are such resources on the Russian-speaking Internet. They help people withdraw funds from PayPal using certain channels. With their help, you can transfer money to services from which you can withdraw your own finances to fiat without restrictions. For such a service, of course, a certain percentage of the transfer amount is charged. It usually ranges from 10 to 20 percent. But even here you should be careful, since these services are illegal, and therefore no one can give a 100% guarantee that funds will be transferred in the required amount to one system or another. In this case, the user performs transactions at his own peril and risk.
There are several official ways that allow you to withdraw funds to fiat in a legal way, without risking the safety of your own capital. For example, open an account with a bank of the country where you can withdraw money from this payment system. But there is also a nuance here. In this case, it will not be possible to make large monetary transactions. The system will ask you to confirm whether the user is a resident of the country where the funds are withdrawn. Without providing the relevant documents, you can make transactions in the amount of no more than 2,000-3,000 euros per year.
A logical conclusion can be drawn from the above said that there are difficulties. But, it should be noted that there are positive aspects. For example, when choosing a payment system of foreign origin and a method of monetizing your own site, you should remember that some of them provide their customers with the opportunity to withdraw funds to cards of domestic banks. This is, for example, the AlertPay system. She works with plastic cards that can be used to withdraw funds from domestic banks.
In this case, a bank account must be opened in dollars. When choosing a payment system for a website, using which payments will be made, it is important to pay attention to which banks the service works with. Also, the importance of choosing a payment system depends on whether it can use a virtual personal account, from which funds are withdrawn using special programs. It is necessary to link a virtual or real plastic card to such an account. This option is suitable for people who work with US business partners. Separately, it should be noted the possibility of withdrawing funds, thanks to the help of friends, relatives and proxies, citizens of the United States of America, who can simply send amounts of different amounts by postal or bank transfer. Although, such a combination is associated with significant material costs and can become a losing one in terms of doing business.
This question is not easy to answer. Such services, despite the apparent identity of functionality and interest rates, differ slightly from each other. The developers of each system make some innovations, the purpose of which is to attract as many users as possible, to simplify the interface.
Creating an image of easy accessibility, attractiveness, convenience and versatility is an important marketing trick, the value of which cannot be overestimated in a highly competitive environment. But not everyone always succeeds in creating a good resource, let alone an ideal one. There are simply no such ones. Therefore, it is important to choose the right payment system that is ideally suited for specific purposes, and which one is better is a controversial issue.
Modern realities dictate their terms, and standards are becoming more complex. As a rule, services of systems that operate on the vastness of the web are gaining more and more popularity. They are vastly superior to offline services. The scale of transactions and the intensity of online cash flows are growing every year. Using the Internet to purchase goods and services has become a common part of the everyday life of the average man in the street.
In the prism of the development of trends, the choice of a payment system for the site has acquired particular importance and entrepreneurs who intend to expand the circle of their customers need to understand the standards required for the progress of their own business. It is not surprising that the developers and owners of such resources, in the race for the hearts and minds of users, go to different tricks, improving and developing functionality, available ways to deposit / withdraw money, making the systems as profitable and convenient as possible for potential customers.
The main reason why the creation of a unified payment system does not seem to be in the near future is fierce competition in the global market for online transactions.
The Internet has long ceased to be just a means of pleasant pastime and business correspondence. It is a powerful advertising and commercial tool, where colossal cash flows are spinning, for the withdrawal of which and the implementation of the transaction, in fact, the resources of online transactions were developed. People, for an understandable reason, prefer payment systems (often of foreign origin). They have already become not only an obligatory attribute of financial mutual settlements, but also a familiar component, a necessary touch of business reputation.
Nowadays, online earnings are also very popular. Not so long ago, work was paid for by transferring funds to phones or in other ways. Now there is an opportunity to receive real funds to your e-wallets, which can then be withdrawn to plastic cards.
For the majority, the development and emergence of payment systems was just a salvation, since there is no need to carry around a fat wallet that can be lost. The electronic wallet is highly secure. You must follow simple safety rules and you can not be afraid for the safety of your own savings. Even when a virtual wallet is associated with a card or phone, the loss of the latter does not at all mean the loss of funds from the wallet, since there are many additional protection methods.
Today, all payment systems will pay special attention to security issues. For successful authorization, you need to go through several stages of identification. Similar standards apply to transactions. Electronic payment systems can be called the most acceptable of all in terms of security. It all depends only on the user, who must learn to comply with all the requirements of the owners of such systems and correctly store their passwords and registration data.
The choice of a payment system can rightfully be considered one of the burning problems of online commerce. Successful business development largely depends on the correct definition of priorities. By choosing a foreign resource, the user receives some quite tangible benefits, but it should be remembered that along with them certain problems arise. It is much wiser to use an integrated approach and use both domestic resources and foreign analogues. Moreover, the user at any time can refuse the services of any of them. Regardless of the reasons, such a desire may arise from each of the clients. To abandon the payment system, you just need to write a letter to the support service, indicating the reasons in it. In this case, the refund takes place within the standard terms specified in the public contract (offer).
At the present stage, human life is associated with new technologies, information, money and numerous papers. To achieve certain tasks, it is necessary to involve numerous intermediaries, cooperation with which implies the conduct of dozens of different operations. They come to believe because there is no alternative. But lately there are more and more companies and individuals who abuse their position. The task of the Blockchain is to fix a problem that is associated with significant material (paid intermediary services) and time costs (paper and other red tape in the paperwork).
Many people wonder what Blockchain is and what is the essence of innovation. The essence of the technology is in the distributed storage of information concerning any life issues. For example, the Blockchain chain can store data about transactions and who transferred money to whom and in what volume. Innovative technology is a great example of how modern technology can change not only financial standards, but the whole world for the better.
When applied to cryptocurrencies, Blockchain is the mainstay of Bitcoins financial power. It guarantees the fixation of information about money transfers carried out between the participants of the system, carried out over the entire period of existence of the alternative currency and the Bitcoin payment system.
In addition, the Blockchain technology allows you to store information about real estate rights, previously granted loans, traffic violations, marriages, and so on. It turns out that everything that can be stored on paper is recorded in the Blockchain. The only difference is that it will no longer be possible to change or falsify the information. Humanity has appreciated the unlimited possibilities of innovative technology and is making attempts to use it to keep records in almost all types of its life.
According to the structure, Blockchain is a chain of blocks that contains certain information. In this case, all blocks of the chain are connected to each other. The block is filled with a group of records, and newly emerging blocks are always added to the end of the chain and duplicate the information contained in the previously created structural units of the system, adding a new one to it.
The blockchain is built on the basis of three main principles - distribution, openness and protection. System users form a computer network. In this case, a copy of each of the blocks is stored in each of the PCs. This principle makes the system almost invulnerable - it is unrealistic to disable it. The only option is to break down all computers at the same time, which, given the total number of computing nodes scattered unevenly over the entire surface of the planet, is not possible. In reality, each subsequent user of the network only strengthens the Blockchain, makes it resistant to damage. It is also important that users exist in a world of equality. There are no controlling structures, moderators or administrators in the system. Here everyone is responsible for their actions.
Blockchain information (blocks and information in them) is available to everyone. If necessary, then any block is opened for study. This means that the chain, if necessary, allows you to track and also evaluate the path of information change, check the correctness of the data. So what is Blockchain? In essence, this is a system that allows you to check other participants and not trust anyone. If there is any doubt, a check is carried out and a decision is made.
All data in the system is protected. The blockchain chain is securely encrypted, which paves the way for reliable and open information. In simple terms, you can see all the millionaires through the information in the block. But to find out to whom it belongs is unrealistic. A special key is used for confirmation. It depends on him whether the user will be identified by the system or not. This is the Blockchain technology, and this is its main feature.
The protection and reliability of the Blockchain is based on the keys mentioned above, with the help of which the process of checking the correctness and veracity of information is simplified. The cryptographic key itself is a group of letters and numbers, which are calculated using a specially created algorithm called the hash function. At the same time, the user has only one key, which has two different qualities:
- firstly, having the key in hand, you will not be able to find out the primary (initial) information.
- secondly, it is impossible to pick up another data package that would allow creating the same key.
Having a key on hand does not mean anything yet. The person who has the key will not be able to harm the system or another user. On the other hand, examining the available information allows you to check that the data matches a certain key. There is one more thing. Even with small data adjustments, the key will also change.
Features of the Blockchain Network Blockchain information is located on millions of PCs located in different parts of the world. Moreover, all users on the network have identical rights and obligations to each other. Any bans on the Blockchain network do not work. Consequently, the user of the system can safely dispense with intermediary structures such as registrars, insurers and others. There are no authorities here, and each user works for himself.
What is Blockchain from a network perspective? When a person connects to a PC group to exchange information (records or blocks), he becomes part of the system. It does not matter geographically where the user and his computer are. It can be Washington, Krasnoyarsk, Paris or Las Vegas, a modern metropolis or a small village in the outback. After receiving the information, the recipient identifies it and checks the validity of the received data, saves it and sends it further. This means that there can be two types of data on the network - real (true) or fake. False data is often disseminated to achieve any selfish goals.
The Blockchain is built so that there are two types of participants in the network:
- "Builders". Their feature is the creation of new blocks. Such people are called "miners" or miners.
- Ordinary participants, as a rule, form ordinary records of transactions from one point to another. In this case, all records are available for study, but they are encrypted. The task of the miners (they receive premium virtual coins of a certain amount for this) is to collect the records of ordinary users, form them into blocks and send them over the network. After that, ordinary participants receive ready-made blocks and store them on their PCs for subsequent verification of their own and other peoples data.
Blockchain technology is built in such a way that until a record is made in a block, the latter is considered invalid. The network user can use it, but there is no guarantee of the accuracy of the information. There are situations where a wandering record is eventually canceled. Once the record has been saved in the block and verified, it is no longer possible to undo it.
The most interesting is the structure of the block, which is formed from two elements - the body and the name. The body (base) of a block is a group of records. As for the title, it is in it that the main information of the Blockchain is contained. As already mentioned, blocks are linked using keys, because the key of the previous block is stored in the names of the blocks. Thanks to this feature, it is almost impossible to hack the network.
In the key of blocks, records of not only the current, but also past blocks are encoded. Therefore, when correcting information (even insignificant), it is possible to change its key and, as a consequence, subsequent data. Knowing the keys and seeing the blocks in front of you, it is not difficult to check the correctness of the information. If at least one block is skipped or the sequence is changed, it will be immediately noticeable. In addition, the block key guarantees network protection, the level of which increases with the growth of the network.
Thus, the Blockchain system is distinguished by its openness and at the same time reliability. Its implementation will radically change life for the better and eliminate many fraudulent schemes - scams, "gaps" in the balance sheets of banks, and so on. Thanks to the work of the new system, many people will be able to avoid financial losses and learn how to check all operations. Blockchain is a universal platform on which new modern standards will be based. It will undoubtedly change the current economic and financial standards for the better.
Information about the Vkontakte payment system that can be found on the Internet is very different. Since April 2011, the creation of such a system has been advertised. It was supposed to compete with Webmoney and Yandex.Money. After all, such advantages as the absence of commissions, all kinds of promotions and discounts in online stores of 2% or more could popularize it very quickly.
A huge catalog with the widest range of goods in more than ten online stores was available to users and helped him out when choosing a purchase. Virtual stores, in turn, saw a certain benefit in cooperation with the popular social network, because this is an additional opportunity to increase the number of potential buyers.
Social network users have become active participants in the payment system. In addition, the Wish Lists service was launched. Directly on the page, it was possible to instantly pay for wishes using Vkontakte money sent to friends or beloved users.
Earlier, before the creation of the payment system, it was possible to purchase goods on social networks and pay through terminals. Revenue in 2009 was $ 35 million. Just one game "Happy Farmer" brought almost $ 10 million to the social network Vkontakte. Such successes became preconditions for the creation of our own payment system. Was she able to hold out and what is her future fate?
Deputy General Director of Vkontakte Ilya Perekopsky said that the Vkontakte payment system is scrapping the project and refusing to further develop. He explains this decision by the fact that due to changes in the legislation in the field of the national payment system, the social network will be subject to serious tightening and restrictions. After the administrators of the social network calculated all the upcoming costs for all kinds of licenses, reports, the creation of legal entities, it was concluded that it is easier to close the Vkontakte payment system than to develop it on such enslaving terms.
After the introduction of the new conditions, only the core business was interested in preserving the payment networks. Therefore, Vkontakte decided to close it. The liquidation process itself was carried out in stages. Although the service of desires was declared closed, users continued to use the service for some time and ordered paid gifts. The administration transferred all the accumulated rubles to user accounts. They continued to be used for some time to pay for purchases in online stores. After about a month, e-markets were disconnected from the social network.
The user was not hurt
Despite the closure of the system, users practically did not suffer, because they can make money transfers through a terminal or bank, as it was before the appearance of the Vkontakte money system. After all, if Internet markets were disconnected from the social network, then there was an opportunity to pay for advertising and games. Users were able to link their credit bank cards to their Vkontakte social network account. The unused rubles that had accumulated on the accounts of the network members were converted into votes.
Now, in order to make a purchase on Vkontakte, the client is forced to use a separate payment system. Currently, the network administration sets itself the goal of satisfying the desires of its customers, therefore, it is looking for opportunities for this.
Currently, preparatory work is underway to create new forms and tools that could simplify and facilitate the fate of their users. The developers of the Vkontakte network have not yet issued their exact plans, but there is no doubt that a new project is being prepared that will make the network more perfect, convenient and independent.
The social network Vkontakte, after the closure of the payment system, is actively cooperating with PayPal. Within the framework of the joint project, it is planned to increase the turnover of virtual currency so that both parties have significant income from this.
More than a fifth of all money transfers are made through Visa QIWI Wallet, WebMoney and Yandex.Money, including PayPal.
As for the latter, as a result of cooperation, the Vkontakte administration will share part of its profits with a partner. The head of the Russian service PayPal, Vladimir Malyugin, notes that the company is working quite successfully and has increased its foreign exchange earnings in recent years. Cooperating with the social network Vkontakte, they expect to achieve an even greater effect.
Whether the popular social network needs its own payment system, whether the administration will enter Vkontakte money is still unknown. But, despite its absence, the movement of electronic money is ongoing, and it has never stopped. Perhaps it is worth reopening your system, or maybe cooperation with other systems is enough. The administration knows better, the main thing is that the user is satisfied.
Why is there an opinion that someone is watching the turnover of electronic currency? Maybe it just seems? Although, in its essence, electronic currency can cause increased interest for a reason, and this interest is not one-sided. What does this mean?
Electronic money is an invention that has given a person certain conveniences, comfort, significant time savings, and, therefore, material benefit. As you know, time is money. For example, in Russia alone, the turnover of electronic money in one year increases more than fivefold, and the volume of transactions also grows accordingly.
The number of e-wallet users is also increasing every day. More than a third of the population prefer electronic types of payments with telecom operators, pay for utilities and loan payments. Based on this, the entire electronic money supply is set in motion, the mechanism for the circulation of electronic money is triggered.
This is the main function, because it is due to the turnover of currency that processes take place, in which not only many vital problems are solved: buying goods, paying bills, etc. In addition, payment systems, which are analogous to banking institutions, have a profit.
Investment activity using electronic currency is developing very intensively. This is a very profitable part of the circulation of electronic money in Europe. Many payment systems offer their customers the national currency of Europe, the USA and many other countries. The variety of digital currencies is very large, and they are quite actively competing with each other. People have the right to choose the currency that makes them more trustworthy, offers the most beneficial services and conditions for making transactions.
Large enterprises in European countries, the former Soviet Union, the United States and many others prefer to use electronic currency. Due to the high turnover of e-currency, Internet banks or payment systems can afford low tariffs for their services. For the user, this is, first of all, significant savings on commissions, which are negligible in virtual payment systems. For example, to exchange Perfect Money for SolidTrustPay, you will need to give a mere penny.
An electronic wallet opened in one of the payment systems can be compared to a personal bank on your own computer. Not to mention the comfort, simplicity and high speed of money transactions. The circulation of electronic money, as it was said at the very beginning, arouses genuine interest, consisting in a huge amount of benefits brought by the virtual system.
The next reason that arouses curiosity follows from the first and consists in the successful development of virtual systems, the active operation of the electronic money circulation mechanism. Where big money is "spinning", no matter whether paper or electronic, there will always be a respected tax office nearby. It is she who is on guard of state interests so that every badly lying penny gets into the treasury.
This is her purpose, she will always be interested in those segments where profit is likely, even if it is digital money. She will always force her to share her profits with the state. If you dont want to, they will force you. They will always have legal leverage. For example, the turnover of electronic money in Europe is quite high, but this does not mean that the authorities of European countries do not control this process.
Users are worried about the fate of virtual deposits, because no country has perfect legislation that would clearly regulate the functioning of electronic money. There are so many inconsistencies in it that it is very easy to get into a legal conflict, from which it is very difficult to get out without loss.
Problems associated with the introduction of virtual currency into money circulation:
Imperfection of the legal framework in the field of using electronic money.
Disagreement of opinion of electronic payment systems with central banks.
Insufficiently reliable security system.
According to some experts, such problems are caused by the fact that virtual money, like inaccurately selected puzzles, does not fit into the existing legal system of states in the monetary sphere. But there are enough examples of countries with a more perfect legal framework, which are able to more clearly regulate the processes of introducing digital currency. Such experience can be used by taking it as a basis and adapting it to your legislation.
Who else monitors the turnover of electronic currency? Yes, no matter how much one would like it, but scammers do not miss an opportunity to covet electronic savings. This is another serious reason for the presence of a certain number of opponents of electronic money, due to the fact that few people believe in their security. Many people believe that if you cant touch your hands.
Who else monitors the circulation of electronic currency? Yes, no matter how much one would like it, but scammers do not miss an opportunity to covet electronic savings. This is another serious reason for the presence of a certain number of opponents of electronic money, due to the fact that few people believe in their security. Many people believe that if it cannot be touched by hands, it cannot be properly protected. Moreover, there are such geniuses among hackers for whom it is not so difficult to hack an electronic wallet.
To make the circulation of electronic money under more reliable protection, and the fight against fraudsters more effective, there are several methods:
Technical. It includes software devices, user authentication, encryption information, codes, keys, passwords.
Functional. Setting certain restrictions, timely software updates.
Legal. The established regulations for the processing and use of virtual money, determination of measures for violations of the law.
If all recommendations are taken into account, then the mechanism for the circulation of electronic money will work more efficiently. With all the existing negatives, electronic currency is more perfect and convenient. Due to its positive qualities, its use changes the quality of life itself.
An observation can be made that will open your eyes to many things. Take Europe, for example, which has the highest e-money turnover. This once again confirms that one should not be afraid of any innovation, as something superfluous, capable of destroying the well-established traditional ways of monetary relations. The positions of the conservatives have never contributed to progress, let alone technical progress.
Not everyone agrees with the assumption that electronic money will replace traditional money, and the world will do without cash. However, this opinion exists. Do you need vain excitement about this? Most probably not. We need to put everything in the hands of professionals. After all, the development of innovative technologies in the field of programming, cryptography and encryption has led to a unique result - the emergence of electronic currency, which is called the highest form of money evolution. They perform the same functions as regular money, but they have additional advantages and they are devoid of the disadvantages inherent in paper counterparts. Only the physical form has changed, and their basic essence has remained unchanged.
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